Profile of patients with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus from Primary Healthcare units / Perfil de pacientes com hipertensão arterial e/ou diabetes mellitus de unidades de Atenção Primária à Saúde

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the characteristics of patients with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus from Primary Healthcare units. Methods This is a retrospective study, with data collected from December 2014 of patients with hypertension and/or diabetes from 13 Primary Healthcare units located in the Southern region of Sao Paulo (SP, Brazil). Patients were compared by sex, diagnosis and cardiovascular risk using student t test, one way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and χ2 tests. Results We evaluated 28,496 patients aged 20 years to 79 years (mean of 57.8 years). Most of patients were women (63.2%) and aged 50 years old or older (74.2%). The participation in the Programa Remédio em Casa (Medicine at Home Program) was higher among women (12.7%), and the proportions of hypertension, diabetes and both diseases were 68.0%, 7.9% and 24.1%, respectively. Patients with hypertension and diabetes had higher participation in Medicine at Home Program (13.3%), and those with diabetes only had higher participation in Programa de Automonitoramento Glicêmico (Self-Monitoring Glucose Program) (20.0%). The proportions of low, moderate, and high cardiovascular risk were 33.0%, 15.5%, and 51.5%, respectively. Conclusion The sample of this study consisted of patients who were mostly women, aged 50 years or older and diagnosed with hypertension. Almost a quarter of patients also had diabetes and approximately one third and half of them were classified as low and high cardiovascular risk.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar as características de pacientes com hipertensão arterial e/ou diabetes mellitus de unidades de Atenção Primária à Saúde. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo, com dados de dezembro de 2014 de pacientes com hipertensão e/ou diabetes, de 13 unidades de Atenção Primária à Saúde localizadas na região sul da cidade de São Paulo (SP). Os pacientes foram comparados por sexo, diagnósticos e risco cardiovascular, por meio dos testes t de Student, análise de variância de um fator, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis e χ2. Resultados Foram avaliados 28.496 pacientes, de 20 anos a 79 anos de idade (média de 57,8 anos), sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (63,2%) e com 50 anos ou mais de idade (74,2%). A participação no Programa Remédio em Casa foi maior no sexo feminino (12,7%) e as proporções de hipertensão, diabetes e de ambas as doenças foram de 68,0%, 7,9% e 24,1%, respectivamente. Os pacientes com hipertensão e diabetes apresentaram maior proporção de participação no Programa Remédio em Casa (13,3%) e aqueles com apenas diabetes apresentaram maior proporção de participação no Programa de Automonitoramento Glicêmico (20,0%). As proporções de risco cardiovascular baixo, moderado e alto foram de 33,0%, 15,5% e 51,5%, respectivamente. Conclusão A amostra deste estudo foi constituída por pacientes em sua maioria do sexo feminino, com 50 anos ou mais de idade e diagnóstico de hipertensão. Cerca de um quarto dos pacientes apresentava também diabetes e aproximadamente um terço e metade deles foram categorizados como risco cardiovascular baixo e alto, respectivamente.

Is hypoalbuminemia a predictor for acute kidney injury after coronary bypass grafting in diabetes mellitus patients?

Abstract Objective: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most important complications after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) procedure. Serum albumin, which is an acute phase reactant, is suggested to be associated with AKI development subsequent to various surgical procedures. In this study, we research the relation between preoperative serum albumin levels and postoperative AKI development in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients undergoing isolated CABG. Methods: We included a total of 634 diabetic patients undergoing CABG (60.5±9.1 years, 65.1% male) into this study, which was performed between September 2009 and January 2014 in a single center. The relation between preoperative serum albumin levels and postoperative AKI development was observed. AKI was evaluated and diagnosed using the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) classification. Results: AKI was diagnosed in 230 (36.3%) patients. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the independent predictors of AKI development. Proteinuria (odds ratio [OR] and 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.066 [1.002-1.135]; P=0.043) and low preoperative serum albumin levels (OR and 95% CI, 0.453 [0.216-0.947]; P=0.035) were found to be independent predictors of AKI. According to the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, albumin level <3mg/dL (area under the curve: 0.621 [0.572-0.669], P<0.001) had 83% sensitivity and 10% specificity on predicting the development of AKI. Conclusion: We observed that a preoperative low serum albumin level was associated with postoperative AKI development in patients with DM who underwent isolated CABG procedure. We emphasize that this adjustable albumin level should be considered before the operation since it is an easy and clinically implementable management for the prevention of AKI development.

Glycated hemoglobin as a predictor of the length of hospital stay in patients following coronary bypass graft surgery in the saudi population

Abstract Objective: The diabetic population has a high prevalence of coronary artery disease, and frequently patients with diabetes undergo coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Elevated glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in diabetics is shown to be associated with morbidity and mortality, but the association of HbA1c with postoperative length of hospital stay (LOS) has conflicting results. In this study, we aim to identify if elevated HbA1c levels are associated with prolonged LOS after CABG surgery. Methods: A retrospective chart review study was performed, using a total of 305 patients who were referred for CABG surgery. HbA1c levels were measured before the day of surgery. Patients were classified into two groups according to HbA1c levels: <7% and ≥7%. A LOS of more than 14 days was proposed as an extended LOS. HbA1c and the LOS relationship were assessed using appropriate statistical methods. Results: Patients who had diabetes mellitus comprised 81.6% of our studied population. Sixty-four percent had HbA1c levels ≥ 7%. There was no significant difference in the total LOS in HbA1c <7% compared to HbA1c ≥7% patients (P=0.367). Conclusion: Our study results rejected the proposed hypothesis that elevated HbA1c levels ≥7% would be associated with prolonged hospital stay following CABG surgery in a Saudi population.

Alteraciones hematológicas en la diabetes mellitus / Blood disorders in diabetes mellitus

Although it has been treated in a limited way the relationship between diabetes and hematopoietic system, there is evidence demonstrating thedeleterious effect of hyperglycemia on the three cell lines: red blood cells, white cells and platelets. Different forms of anemia associated with hyperglycemia are analyzed and erythrocyte alterations observed in diabetes. In chronic decompensated patients have been demonstrated alterationsof monocytes, lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear particularly, with decreased chemotaxis, adherence, phagocytosis and opsonization. Hyperglycemia determines a prothrombotic state by platelet hyperreactivity, which is a marker of inflammation...

Elevated Hemoglobin A1c Levels Are Associated with Worse Survival in Advanced Pancreatic Cancer Patients with Diabetes

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Pre-existing diabetes mellitus (DM) has been identified as an adverse prognostic variable associated with increased mortality in various cancers. Although DM and hyperglycemia are considered risk factors for pancreatic cancer (PC), antidiabetic treatments for patients with advanced PC have been overlooked. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels on PC survival. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of first-diagnosed patients with advanced PC who were admitted to Konkuk University Medical Center from 2005 to 2011. RESULTS: A total of 127 patients were enrolled, and there were 111 deaths (87.4%) within the 7-year observational period. The most common etiology was disease progression (n=108). DM before PC diagnosis was observed in 65 patients (51.1%), including 28 patients with new-onset DM. The overall median survival times in patients with and without DM were 198 and 263 days, respectively (p=0.091). Survival time according to HbA1c was significantly different between the or =7.0% groups (362 and 144 days, respectively; p=0.038). In the HbA1c > or =7.0% group, the median overall survival time was 273 days for the metformin group and 145 days for the nonmetformin oral agent group; however, there was no significant difference between the two groups (p=0.058). CONCLUSIONS: A high HbA1c level may be associated with worse survival in patients with advanced PC with DM. Antidiabetic treatment, metformin in particular, was associated with an improved outcome.

Association of family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus with markers of endothelial dysfunction in South Indian population.

Studies indicate that risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) or cardiovascular disease is detectable in childhood, though these disorders may not emerge until adulthood. This study was aimed to assess the markers of endothelial dysfunction in patients with the family history of T2D from South Indian population. A total of 450 subjects were included in the study comprising Group I (n = 200) of T2D, Group II (n = 200) of age- and sex-matched healthy controls, Group III (n = 25) of children of T2D patients and Group IV (n = 25) of children of healthy controls. Results showed that intimal medial thickening (IMT) was significantly higher in T2D patients, compared with control subjects with no family history of diabetes. The fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels were significantly increased, whereas HDL-cholesterol and serum nitrite levels were significantly decreased in T2D patients. However, children of T2D patients who were not diabetic did not show significant increase in the IMT, as compared to those of healthy controls. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that IMT was significantly higher in the T2D patients and increased with age and family history. The increased levels of lipids, hsCRP, IMT and decreased nitrite levels might contribute to the risk of endothelial dysfunction in patients with T2D. However, further studies are warranted with other biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction in T2D patients with increased sample size.

O efeito em curto prazo do bypass gástrico sobre pacientes obesos diabéticos / Short-term effect of gastric bypass in obese diabetic patients

OBJETIVO: estudar o efeito do bypass gástrico sobre a glicemia e o uso de medicação antidiabética em pacientes obesos portadores de diabetes. MÉTODOS: estudo de coorte retrospectivo com 44 pacientes obesos portadores de DM2, provenientes de 469 pacientes submetidos ao bypass gástrico no período de dezembro de 2001 a março de 2009. Os desfechos primários avaliados foram: glicemia em jejum e a necessidade de medicação antidiabética. RESULTADOS: a população foi composta de dez (22,7%) homens e 34 (77,3%) mulheres, com média de idade de 45,3 (±8,23) anos e índice de massa corporal de 40,9 (±5,03) kg/m². O tempo médio de evolução do DM2 foi 63,6 (±60,9) meses. Dos 40 pacientes que utilizavam medicação para controle do DM2, 20 (50%) tiveram sua medicação suspensa na alta hospitalar e 13 (32,5%) até nove meses depois. Em uma paciente não foi possível avaliar o uso de medicação, sendo essa a única exclusão. A insulina foi suspensa nos dez (100%) pacientes que a utilizavam, sendo seis (60%) na alta hospitalar. Houve redução (P<0,05) da glicemia em jejum, em todo o período estudado, em comparação com o valor pré-operatório, e foram atingidos valores inferiores a 100mg/dl no período de sete a nove meses. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes obesos portadores de DM2, submetidos ao bypass gástrico, apresentaram melhora do controle glicêmico e redução do uso de hipoglicemiantes em curto prazo.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of gastric bypass on blood glucose levels and the use of antidiabetic medication in obese patients with diabetes. METHODS: We carried out a retrospective cohort study with 44 obese patients with DM2, from 469 patients undergoing gastric bypass from December 2001 to March 2009. The primary endpoints evaluated were fasting glucose and the need for antidiabetic medication. RESULTS: The study population consisted of ten (22.7%) men and 34 (77.3%) women, with a mean age of 45.3 (±8.23) years and a body mass index of 40.9 (±5.03) kg/m². The average time to progression of DM2 was 63.6 (±60.9) months. Of the 40 patients who used medication to control type 2 diabetes, 20 (50%) had their medication discontinued at discharge and 13 (32.5%), until nine months later. In one patient it was not possible to evaluate the use of medication, this being the only exception. Insulin was suspended in ten (100%) patients who used it, six (60%) at discharge. Fasting plasma glucose levels decreased throughout the study period (p <0.05) when compared with preoperative values, and values below 100mg/dl were achieved within seven to nine months. CONCLUSION: Obese patients with DM2 undergoing gastric bypass showed improved glycemic control and reduced use of hypoglycemic agents in the short-term.

Valor prognóstico da hiperglicemia de estresse na evolução intra-hospitalar na coronariopatia aguda / Prognostic value of stress hyperglycemia for in-hospital outcome in acute coronary artery disease

FUNDAMENTO: Na síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), a hiperglicemia, à admissão hospitalar, está associada à presença de eventos adversos cardiovasculares em pacientes com ou sem diabetes. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o valor prognóstico da hiperglicemia de estresse na evolução intra-hospitalar de pacientes admitidos por SCA. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 152 pacientes admitidos, entre setembro de 2005 e fevereiro de 2010, em unidade de dor torácica de hospital terciário com diagnóstico de SCA, que apresentavam valor da glicemia laboratorial na admissão. O grupo I foi formado pelos pacientes com hiperglicemia de estresse, definida por glicemia na admissão > 126 mg/dL em não diabéticos e > 200 mg/dL nos diabéticos, e o grupo II pelos pacientes com níveis glicêmicos inferiores aos níveis estabelecidos. Analisou-se a associação da hiperglicemia e evolução intra-hospitalar. RESULTADOS: A hiperglicemia de estresse associou-se a complicações intra-hospitalares, aumento da idade e gênero feminino. Na análise multivariada, apenas gênero feminino (OR = 2,04; IC95% 1,03 - 4,06, p = 0,007) e complicações intra-hospitalares (OR = 3,65; IC95% 1,62 - 8,19, p = 0,002) se associaram de forma independente à hiperglicemia na admissão. CONCLUSÃO: A hiperglicemia de estresse é fator preditivo independente para complicações intra-hospitalares após SCA em pacientes diabéticos ou não. Os resultados alertam para a necessidade de avaliarmos a glicemia na admissão em todos os pacientes admitidos por SCA, incluindo os não diabéticos, com o intuito de identificarmos os indivíduos com maior risco de complicações.

BACKGROUND: In acute coronary syndrome (ACS), admission hyperglycemia is associated with adverse cardiovascular events in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prognostic value of stress hyperglycemia for the in-hospital outcome of patients admitted due to ACS. METHODS: This study included 152 patients admitted to the chest pain unit of a tertiary hospital diagnosed with ACS, who had admission blood glucose data, from September 2005 to February 2010. Group I comprised patients with stress hyperglycemia, defined as admission blood glucose concentration > 126 mg/dL for nondiabetic individuals and admission blood glucose concentration > 200 mg/dL for diabetic individuals. Group II was formed by patients with admission blood glucose concentration lower than those established. The association of hyperglycemia and in-hospital outcome was assessed. RESULTS: Stress hyperglycemia associated with in-hospital complications, age increase and female sex. On multivariate analysis, only female sex (OR = 2.04; 95% CI: 1.03 - 4.06; p = 0.007) and in-hospital complications (OR = 3.65; 95% CI: 1.62 - 8.19; p = 0.002) associated independently with admission hyperglycemia. CONCLUSIONS: Stress hyperglycemia is an independent predictive factor for in-hospital complications after ACS in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. The results highlight the need to assess admission blood glucose concentration in all patients admitted due to ACS, including nondiabetic ones, aiming at identifying those at higher risk for complications.

Periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus

Periodontal disease (PD) is one of the most commonly known human chronic disorders. The relationship between PD and several systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus (DM) has been increasingly recognized over the past decades. Objective: The purpose of this review is to provide the reader with knowledge concerning the relationship between PD and DM. Many articles have been published in the English and Portuguese literature over the last 50 years examining the relationship between these two chronic diseases. Data interpretation is often confounded by varying definitions of DM, PD and different clinical criteria were applied to determine the prevalence, extent and severity of PD, levels of glycemic control and diabetes-related complications. Methods: This paper provides a broad overview of the predominant findings from research conducted using the BBO (Bibliografia Brasileira de Odontologia), MEDLINE, LILACS and PubMed for Controlled Trials databases, in English and Portuguese languages published from 1960 to October 2012. Primary research reports on investigations of relationships between DM/DM control, PD/periodontal treatment and PD/DM/diabetes-related complications identified relevant papers and meta-analyses published in this period. Results: 7This paper describes the relationship between PD and DM and answers the following questions: 1- The effect of DM on PD, 2- The effects of glycemic control on PD and 3- The effects of PD on glycemic control and on diabetes-related complications. Conclusions: The scientific evidence reviewed supports diabetes having an adverse effect on periodontal health and PD having an adverse effect on glycemic control and on diabetes-related complications. Further research is needed to clarify these relationships and larger, prospective, controlled trials with ethnically diverse populations are warranted to establish that treating PD can positively influence glycemic control and possibly reduce the burden of...

Modelo de sistema basado en conocimiento para apoyo en la investigación y p'roceso clínico de la diabetes / Knowledge-based system model to support diabetes research and clinical process

Due to the great amount of information generated and supported by the explosive evolution of computer science systems since the end of the last century, the expansion and transference of scientific knowledge has caused a rapid transformation of scientific discoveries in products and applications that have positive effects in the life quality of societies. Today, a great amount of data in medicine is obtained by the application of biotechnological methods that constantly evolve. Thus, scientific research related to diabetes keeps improving. In this context, productivity and competitiveness must be sustained on knowledge which facilitates and encourages organizational innovation capacity. For this reason, knowledge based systems emerge as a useful tool to help organizations solve difficult assignments or improve their processes. In this work, derivate from known diabetes group of symptoms and interactions that diabetes research maintains with the biotechnological processes, the authors carried out a brief analysis of the knowledge involved as well as the role that knowledge-based systems have played, and keep playing in support of them. Additionally, with the systemic perspective obtained by the authors regarding aspects like knowledge, practices and resources needed in clinical and laboratory practices, they propose a systemic model that can support diabetes research and clinical process.

Debido a la gran cantidad de información generada y apoyada por la evolución explosiva de sistemas de la ciencia computacional, desde finales del siglo pasado, la expansión y transferencia de conocimiento científico ha provocado una rápida transformación de los descubrimientos científicos en productos y aplicaciones que afectan positivamente la calidad de vida de las sociedades. Actualmente, una gran cantidad de datos en medicina se obtiene por la aplicación de métodos biotecnológicos que constantemente evolucionan. De igual manera, la investigación científica sobre diabetes mantiene una mejora constante. En este contexto, tanto la productividad como la competitividad se deben apoyar con conocimiento que facilite y promueva la capacidad de innovación organizacional. Por esta razón, los sistemas basados en conocimiento emergen como una herramienta útil para coadyuvar con las organizaciones en la solución de situaciones difíciles o en la mejora de sus procesos. En este trabajo, derivado del conocido grupo de síntomas y de las interacciones que la investigación en diabetes mantiene con los procesos biotecnológicos, los autores realizan un breve análisis del conocimiento implicado y del rol que los sistemas basados en el conocimiento han desempeñado, -y continúan desempeñando, en apoyo a tales procesos. Adicionalmente, con la perspectiva sistémica obtenida por los autores respecto al conocimiento y recursos necesarios en prácticas clínicas y de laboratorio, proponen un modelo sistémico capaz de apoyar la investigación y el proceso clínico de la diabetes.

Periodontal treatment needs in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals: A case-control study.

Aim: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder of the carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism, resulting in increased blood glucose levels. Various complications of diabetes have been described with periodontitis being added as the sixth complication of diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to assess periodontal status and treatment needs (TN) in diabetic patients and to compare the findings between diabetic and non-diabetic individuals using community periodontal index (CPI). Materials and Methods: We evaluated the periodontal status and periodontal TN in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals in Guwahati, Assam. A total of 459 (223 diabetic and 236 non-diabetic) individuals were assessed. A person was considered to be diabetic when his blood glucose levels were above 140 mg/dl under fasting condition and 200 mg/dl 2 hours postprandially. Periodontal status was assessed using CPI. Results: Periodontal destruction was found to be increased in diabetic individuals, with periodontal destruction increasing with increased blood glucose levels. The necessity of complex periodontal treatment also increased with increasing blood glucose levels. Conclusions: Individuals with diabetes are more prone to periodontal destruction, and hence, regular periodontal screening and treatment is essential in these individuals.

Valor pronóstico de los niveles de interleucina-6 en pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio con elevación del segmento ST / Prognostic value of serum levels of interleukin-6 in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction

Introducción: La interlucina-6 (IL6) participa en la aterogénesis y en el fenómeno aterotrombótico más catastrófico: el infarto agudo del miocardio con elevación del ST (IAM CEST). El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el pronóstico de los niveles elevados de IL6 para eventos cardiovasculares mayores en pacientes con IAM CEST. Material y métodos: Estudiamos pacientes consecutivos con diagnóstico de IAM CEST de acuerdo con los criterios convencionales establecidos por la ACC/AHA/ESC. Se determinó IL6 sérica a las 24 horas de iniciado el evento, mediante quimioluminiscencia. Las variables de desenlace fueron arritmias, angina, falla cardiaca, reinfarto no fatal y muerte, o la combinación de ellas durante la hospitalización. Resultados: Incluimos 97 pacientes; el punto de corte de IL6 para identificar a los pacientes con alto riesgo fue de 20 pg/ml. En el grupo I (< 20 pg/ml) fueron 46 pacientes y en el grupo II (> 20 pg/ml), 51 (IL6 11.52 + 4.83 pg/ml versus 63.19 + 44.4 pg/ml, p < 0.0001). Fue más frecuente la muerte (2.2 versus 15.7 %, p = 0.023, RR 1.16 IC 95 % = 1.02-1.31) y el punto final combinado durante la hospitalización en el grupo II (21.7 versus 51 %, p = 0.003, RR = 1.59, IC 95 % = 1.16-2.19). La clase de Killip > 2 y los niveles de IL6 > 20 pg/ml fueron factores independientes para el punto final combinado. Conclusiones: Los niveles de IL6 > 20 pg/ml en IAM CEST se asociaron significativamente a más eventos cardiovasculares durante la hospitalización.

BACKGROUND: Interleukin-6 (IL6) plays a role in atherogenesis as well as in most atherothrombotic phenomenon such as ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEAMI). Our objective was to evaluate serum levels of IL6 as prognostic value for major clinical in-hospital events in patients with STEAMI. METHODS: We studied consecutive patients with diagnosis of STEAMI according to ACC/AHA/ESC criteria. Twenty four hours after the acute event, IL6 was determined by chemiluminescence method. The major cardiovascular end points were arrhythmias, angina, heart failure, reinfarction and death. RESULTS: Included were 97 patients. The level of IL6 to identify high-risk patients was 20 pg/ml. Forty six patients had <20 pg/ml (group I), and 51 patients had >20 pg/ml (group II). Mean value of IL6 was 11.52 +/- 4.83 pg/ml vs. 63.19 +/- 44.4 pg/ml (p <0.0001). Death was more frequent (2.2 vs. 15.7%, p = 0.023, RR 1.16 95% CI 1.02-1.31) and the end point combined during hospitalization in group II was 21.7 vs. 51% (p = 0.003 RR 1.59 95% CI 1.16-2.19). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified Killip class > or = 2 and IL6 levels > or = 20 pg/ml as predictors for in-hospital end point. CONCLUSIONS: Serum levels of IL6 >20 pg/ml in the first 24 h after STEAMI were significantly associated with higher frequency of in-hospital outcomes such as arrhythmias and death.

Arterialización venosa temporal del pie diabético / Temporal venous arterialization of the diabetic foot

La primera idea que tuvieron los cirujanos (1902) para evitar amputaciones por isquemia fue la de desviar el flujo arterial al sistema venoso por intermedio de una fístula arteriovenosa entre vasos adyacentes, pero con resultados inciertos. Desde entonces se han inventado las simpatecomias, las endarteriectomias y los injertos puentes o bypass y, últimamente, otros avances médicos, quirúrgicos y endovasculares. Sin embargo, en el mundo se siguen haciendo amputaciones, sobre todo en diabéticos. La arterialización de las venas del pie, basada en la vieja idea de la circulación invertida, constituye una esperanza más para estos pacientes ya condenados a la pérdida del miembro. Objetivo: Demostrar que la arterialización de las venas del pie en diabéticos con lesiones neuroisquémicas, generalmente infectadas (pie diabético), es un método eficaz y durable, aunque el puente solo funcione temporalmente. Pacientes y método: De enero de 2000 a febrero de 2009, 59 pacientes con pie diabético fueron tratados por arterialización de las venas del pie...

The first idea of surgeons (1902) to avoid amputations due to ischemia was to deviate the arterial flow to the venous system using an arteriovenous fistula between adjacent vessels; however, the results were unreliable. Since then, sympathectomies, endarterectomies and bypasses have been created, and more recently, other medical, surgical, and endovascular advances have been used. However, amputations continue to be performed worldwide mainly in diabetic patients. The arterialization of the foot veins, based on the old idea of inverted blood flow, is a new possibility for these patients who, otherwise, could lose their limbs. Objective: To demonstrate that arterialization of the foot veins in diabetic patients with neuroischemic lesions, usually infected (diabetic foot), is an effective and long-lasting method, even though the bypass only works temporally. Patients and method: From January 2000 to February 2009, 59 patients with diabetic foot were threated by means of arterialization of the foot veins. An early death was not included in the analysis. Of the 58 remaining patients, 44 were male and 14 were female. Their mean age was 71 years old: (53-91 years). Fifty-four of them were classified as being Fontaine IV and four were IIIB...

Significance of Inflammatory Markers in Diabetic Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Patients with diabetes are prone to coronary artery disease (CAD); however, the majority of diabetic patients show normal coronary arteries. We examined differences in the clinical aspects of diabetic patients with insignificant and with significant stenosis of the coronary artery. METHODS: A total of 418 consecutive diabetic patients with stable angina who had undergone coronary angiography from January 2004 to March 2007 were included in this study. Patients were subdivided into control and CAD groups and then clinical characteristics and CAD-associated factors were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 92 (22%) patients were assigned to the control group and 326 (78%) patients were assigned to the CAD group. Using univariate regression analysis, we found that patients with CAD were significantly older (control vs. CAD; 59+/-21 vs. 64.7+/-33.7, years, p<0.001), had a longer duration of diabetes (8.2+/-21.8 vs. 10.2+/-29.8, years, p=0.027), higher titers of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP; 0.3+/-6.79 vs. 0.9+/-12.6, mg/dL, p=0.015), and increased hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels (7.1+/-3.8 vs. 7.5+/-4.8, %, p=0.007) compared to control patients. Multivariate regression analysis showed that only differences in age, hsCRP, and HbA1c were statistically significant. When patients were subdivided into groups based on hsCRP levels (208 patients in the low group [49.8%], 210 patients in the high group [50.2%]), we found that patients with higher hsCRP levels showed more frequent multivessel disease. CONCLUSIONS: In diabetic patients, age, hsCRP, and HbA1c were associated with stable CAD. Among these factors, hsCRP levels were significantly correlated with multivessel involvement in diabetic CAD. Therefore, high hsCRP levels may be a strong predictor for atherosclerotic progression of the coronary arteries in diabetic patients, suggesting that regular screening tests should be performed.

Changes in erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) activities in the development of senile and diabetic cataracts.

Oxidative and osmotic stress have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cataracts. Reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) mediate peroxidation of membrane lipids and cause irreversible damage to lens proteins. The purpose of this study was to assess the changes in erythrocyte glucose- 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme (G6PD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in the development of senile and diabetic cataracts. The activity of erythrocyte G6PD and the concentration of GSH were measured to assess changes in oxidation-reduction status. The oxidation-reduction status of 26 non-diabetic non-cataract (control) subjects were compared with 24 diabetic non-cataract, 30 diabetic cataract and 28 non-diabetic cataract subjects. The results revealed that the GSH and G6PD levels of the subjects with senile cataracts were significantly lower than the subjects without cataracts. The present study reveals the risk of developing senile cataracts is associated with decreased levels of erythrocyte G6PD and GSH. In the formation of diabetic cataracts an adequate supply of NADPH (G6PD activity) is essential to produce osmotically active sorbitol in the lens.

Hemoglobin A1c in Muscat, Oman-A 3 year study

Glycosylated Hemoglobin [HbA1c] reflects the average blood glucose level during the previous 2-3 months. HbA1c is used as marker for long term blood glucose control in diabetic patients. In this retrospective study, the prevalence of diabetic control was evaluated from HbA1c tests of diabetic patients over a period of 3 years [January 2005-December 2007] from Muscat Region, Sultanate of Oman. Blood samples from a total number of 7442 patients were analysed at Al Nahdha Hospital Laboratory received from different Primary Health Care Centers and Hospitals of Muscat region as this hospital was the referral hospital for HbA1c testing. The method used for the estimation of HbA1c was Turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay and the test was carried out in Hitachi 902 an automated chemistry analyzer. The results show that only 22.8% of patients had good glycemic control and 77.2% had bad glycemic control. Diabetic patients should be informed of the fact that maintaining HbA1c below 7% will minimize their risk of developing the complications

Effect of vitamin C on blood glucose, serum lipids & serum insulin in type 2 diabetes patients.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic disorders that causes micro- and macro-vascular complications. Because of additive effects of hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia for cardiovascular diseases, lipid abnormalities should be evaluated in diabetes. As vitamin C is known for its beneficial effects on serum lipids and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), we evaluated the effect of different doses of vitamin C on blood glucose, serum lipids and serum insulin in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: A total of 84 patients with type 2 diabetes referred to Yazd Diabetes Research Center, Iran, were included in the study. They received randomly either 500 mg or 1000 mg daily of vitamin C for six weeks. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low and high density lipoprotein (LDL, HDL), glycated haemoglobin HbA(Ic) and serum insulin were measured before and after vitamin C consumption and the results were analyzed. RESULTS: A significant decrease in FBS, TG, LDL, HbA1c and serum insulin was seen in the group supplemented with 1000 mg vitamin C. The dose of 500 mg vitamin C, however, did not produce any significant change in any of the parameters studied. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that daily consumption of 1000 mg supplementary vitamin C may be beneficial in decreasing blood glucose and lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes and thus reducing the risk of complications.

O papel da lipemia pós-prandial na gênese da aterosclerose: particularidades do diabetes mellitus / The role of post-prandial lipids in atherogenesis: particularities of diabetes mellitus

A aterosclerose é uma doença multifatorial e complexa, que determina eventos clínicos causadores de morbi-mortalidade significativa, representada pela ocorrência de infarto agudo do miocárdio, angina e morte súbita. Está associada a anormalidades lipídicas, ativação plaquetária, trombose, inflamação, disfunção endotelial, estresse oxidativo e alterações metabólicas da matriz, entre outros distúrbios. Todas essas anormalidades são mais comuns e acentuadas no paciente com diabetes, assim como no estado pós-prandial. Dentre os fatores de risco para doença arterial coronariana que ainda não são efetivamente empregados nas estratégias de prevenção da doença em grandes populações destaca-se a hiperlipemia pós-prandial, possível marcador precoce de anormalidades metabólicas e disfunção vascular não observadas em jejum. Recentes resultados mostram que as alterações que ocorrem após uma única sobrecarga lipídica se relacionam negativamente à função endotelial, sendo que as alterações na reatividade vascular estão fortemente associadas à progressão da aterosclerose e aos eventos cardiovasculares. Essas alterações podem revelar um estado de intolerância às gorduras que já são detectadas em indivíduos saudáveis, antes mesmo que anormalidades em jejum sejam percebidas. Esta revisão aborda a fisiopatologia envolvida na lipemia pós-prandial e sua relação com a aterogênese, com ênfase no diabetes mellitus.

Atherosclerosis is a complex and multifactorial disease, which determines clinical events that cause significant morbi-mortality, represented by acute myocardial infarction, angina and sudden death. It is associated with lipid disturbances, platelet activation, thrombosis, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, altered matrix metabolism, among other disturbances. All these abnormalities are usual and more pronounced in diabetic patients, as well as in the post-prandial state. Among the coronary artery disease risk factors that are not usually employed in clinical practice in the whole population, postprandial hyperlipemia plays a major role, being a possible early marker of metabolic abnormalities and vascular dysfunction not yet seen in the fasting state. Recent results showed that post-oral lipid overload changes are negatively associated with endothelial dysfunction, and vascular reactivity abnormalities are strongly related to atherosclerosis progression and cardiovascular events. These abnormalities could disclose a lipid intolerance state that can be detected in apparently healthy subjects even before fasting abnormalities are seen. This review will deal with the pathophysiology changes involved in post-prandial hyperlipemia and its relationship with atherogenesis, with particular emphasis to diabetes mellitus.

A survey study on diabetes management and complication status in primary care setting in Thailand.

OBJECTIVE: Healthcare service in Thailand is stratified into three levels with different facilities of care. This cross-sectional survey study described diabetes management, diabetes control, and late complication status among patients managed in urban primary health care clinics. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Thirty-seven primary health care units were randomly selected. Each unit enrolled up to 30 patients having been managed in the unit for at least one year. The patients were interviewed, and the medical records such as demographic data, management practice, glycemic control, and complications were retrospectively reviewed for a period of one year. All data were entered in the case record forms, transferred into a database by electronic scanning, and analyzed by SAS version 6.12. One thousand and seventy-eight patients, including 300 males and 778 females, were recruited in the present study. RESULT: Their mean +/- SD of age, onset age, and diabetes duration were 58.2 +/- 11.3, 52.2 +/- 11.4 and 6.2 +/- 4.0 years, respectively. Six percent of the patients were type 1, and 94% were type 2 diabetes. Two-thirds of the patients engaged in diabetes education > or = 5 days during the previous year. Monitoring of glycemic control was largely by measurement of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in the unit. Determination of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, serum creatinine, urinary protein, and microalbuminuria were observed in 0.7, 17.4, 11.7, 6.9, 38.2, 33.0, and 0.9% of the patients, respectively. Mean +/- SD of FPG was 8.3 +/- 2.7 mmol/l, and HbA1c was 8.6 +/- 1.9%. The percentage of patients with FPG < 6.7 mmol/l and HbA1c < 7% were 28.7 and 19.6%, respectively. An annual eye and foot examination was performed in 21.5% and 45% of the patients, respectively. The prevalence of late complications included retinopathy (13.6%), proteinuria (17.0%), end stage renal failure (0.1%), peripheral neuropathy (34%), acute foot ulcer/gangrene (1.2%), healed foot ulcer (6.9%), stroke (1.9%), and myocardial infarction (0.7%). CONCLUSION: The present study results demonstrated that necessary, routine assessments were not regularly practiced by caregivers in primary care units. In addition, peripheral neuropathy was the most common observed complication and this might explain the high rate of foot ulcers in this cohort.

Solución de glucosa-insulina-potasio (GIK): efectos cardioprotectores de la insulina / Glucose-insulin-potassium (GIK) solution: cardioprotective effects of insulin

In the Anesthesiology Department of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología The medical staff uses the glucose insulin potassium i.v. for myocardial protection. The energy is dereived from lipidic beta oxidation, glucose breakdown and amino acid catabolism in mitochondria. In myocardial ischemia, from de aortic cross clamping, the metabolic myocardial substrates diminished as well as the energy produced by adenosine (ATP). During myocardial ischemia, an increase in long chain lipids emhances mitochondrial permeability, promotes depletion of citochrome C and lost of the capability of transmembrane regulation. In the hipoperfused myocardium, by coronary vasoconstriction, short chain fatty acids oxidation predominates, if fatty metabolism during reperfusion is elevated. More of them will enter [IBM1] the Krebs cycle and, as a consequence, less energy will be produced. The glucose-insulin-potassium solution provides the glucose needed by the myocardium in reperfusion conditions and protects the cellular membrane's integrity as well as pumps and ionic channels, it allows maintaining the action potential probably because ATP-depended channels block and prevent potassium loss, it reduces the cytosol calcium overload and prevent cardiac arrhythmias, preserves the sodium ATPasa pump avoiding the rise in cytosolic sodium; glucose prevents the production of free oxygen radicals. Fatty acids, during ischemia, are responsible for the metabolism and elevation of enzymes, such as acilcarnitine and acylcoenzime-A, which promote intracellular calcium overload and arrhythmias. The insulin has anti-inflammatory effects and anti-apoptoic effects. When blood glucose is controlled during the perioperative period the mortality is reduced.